Chemical Determination of an Unknown Liquid free essay sample

Also per the United States Environmental Protection Agencys Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site Methanol is listed as a clear colorless liquid with an alcoholic odor, I made noted these same observations for my unknown liquid. The key data in identifying my unknown was the boiling point. I found that 5 of 8 non-water liquids listed in the lab manual had densities within 0. 012 g/mL of each other (between 0. 779 g/mL 0. 791 g/mL) considering the measured density of my unknown liquid is 0. 7792 g/mL (0. 7827 g/mL graphically) it could very well correspond with any of those 5 liquids, leaving me with a lot of uncertainty. Whereas the measured boiling point of my unknown liquid is 63. 03 Â °C which corresponds with only 2 of the possible liquids, methanol (64. 7 Â °C) 2-methylpentane (62. 0 Â °C). This data was key to quickly accurately filtering through a long list of possible liquids. Since 2-methylpentanes density of 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Determination of an Unknown Liquid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 653 g/mL does not correlate well with the measured density of my unknown liquid and methanols density (0. 791 g/mL) does correlate with the measured density of my unknown liquid I feel safe in stating that my unknown liquid is methanol. All of the data I collected was useful in identifying my unknown liquid. The graduated cylinder was the least precise accurate of the three instruments, it was difficult to measure a specific amount, as noted by my 2nd trial where I had 31. 9 mL instead of 30 mL. The benefit is its quickness and ease of use. The most accurate instrument was the volumetric pipette, in each trial I was confident that I was adding 10. 00 mL, the downside is it is only used to measure a very specific volume of liquid. The burette had the potential to be the most precise instrument, it has clear volume markings the stopper allows a user to dispense very precise amount of liquid. Unfortunately user experience plays a factor, I felt clumsy using the stopper required a lot of patience to properly read the miniscus. If I were to repeat this experiment I would use the volumetric pipette, but once my use of the burette improves I would use that one, for the wider variety of volumes. The uncertainty values listed in the lab manual of 0. 5 mL for graduated cylinder, 0. 01 mL for volumetric pipette 0. 04 mL for burette agree with my observations. I do not believe there were any significant sources of error during my experiment to determine the density of my unknown liquid. As stated in the question the nature of the measuring devices did limit the precision of my measurements. The most obvious limitation was the use of the graduated cylinder which as previously stated was the least precise accurate of all instruments, this lead to a third of my collected density values being less precise than the other two-thirds. Another instrument that affected the precision of my density was the scale, the last digit on the scale (the hundredth position) regularly fluctuated between 2-3 numbers, limiting movement around the scale improved the fluctuations, but did not eliminate them. Since this scale was used for all trials it affected the precision of all densities calculated. In these situations it is impossible to tell the exact effect these limitations had on the calculated densities whether the calculated densities would be higher or lower if these limitations were removed. By looking at my results the graphical average density (0. 7827 g/mL) is closer the methanols density (0. 791 g/mL) than my numerical average density (0. 7792 g/mL). This does not mean that graphically is more correct than numerically, I just thought it was interesting to note, also a difference of 0. 035 g/mL is not very significant in this experiment considering every instrument used has a greater level of uncertainty. With the graph method once you have your best fit line you can easily estimate the volume that corresponds to a specific mass anywhere along that line (or vice versa), also its easier to notice outlier data points when they are graphed. The downside is that unless you us e a computer a graph could easily be imprecise it takes time to complete. The numerical method is fairly quick and easy, a calculator is all you need. The graphical approach is great for a larger experiment with many data points, let the computer handle all the work. For a small experiment, like this one, numerical method is perfectly reliable much quicker. No data points were excluded. The boiling points were consistent for each trial (63. 0 Â °C, 62. 9 Â °C, 63. 2 Â °C) with a variation of only 0. 3 Â °C through all the trials I am confident in stating that my methodology led to precise recording of the boiling point. My average boiling point of 63. 03 Â °C is a bit lower than the literatures value of 64. 7 Â °C, which means it is not completely accurate with the literature. A reason for this could be that the atmospheric pressure in the room was 101. 1 kPa which is slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure for the normal boiling point (101. 3 kPa). A lower pressure leads to a lower boiling point as seen by the formula PV=nrT where P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles, r is a constant T = temperature; since our volume number of moles stay the same when the pressure goes down the temperature must also go down. This could explain why my average boiling point was not completely accurate with the literatures value. I know this formula is used for gas stoichiometry but I believe it is also relevant here. The determination of my boiling point had a greater level of precision than my determination of of the density. As noted earlier through my three boiling point trials there was a variation of 0. 3 Â °C, or 0. 48% of average boiling point (0. 3 Â °C / 63. 03 Â °C * 100 = 0. 48%), whereas my nine density trials had a variation of 0. 018 g/mL, or 2. 3% of numerical average density (0. 018 g/mL / 0. 7792 g/mL * 100 = 2. 3%). Conversely the determination of my density was more accurate then the determination of boiling point. My calculated average density of 0. 7792 g/mL is 98. 5% (0. 7792 g/mL / 0. 791 g/mL * 100 = 98. 5%) of the noted literature value for methanol, whereas my calculated average boiling point of 63. 03 Â °C is 97. 4% (63. 03 Â °C / 64. 7 Â °C * 100 = 97. 4%) of the noted literature value for methanol. To begin I would eliminate the use of the graduated cylinder, the uncertainty level with this instrument is too high for the readings we are taking, a 10 mL reading has an uncertainty level of 5% which could greatly affect our calculated density. I would also take more than 9 mass/volume readings, something along the lines of 20 readings would supply a much stronger average density, especially if they were all taken with the more accurate precise instruments. Finally if the experiment could be conducted in an area that is regulated to 101. 3 kPa it would lead to a more accurate boiling point reading. All of these conditions put together would lead to a more precise, accurate reliable average density. Conclusion: After completion of the experiment I calculated a numerical average density of 0. 792 g/mL and an average boiling point of 63. 03Â °C for my unknown liquid. Though I do believe that the precision of my calculated data could be improved with better instruments I do not feel that this lack in precision is sufficient to negate the findings I have made. In conclusion I believe that my unknown liquid is in fact methanol which has a known density of . 791 g/mL a known boiling point of 64. 7Â °C. Also, as a secondary co nclusion I have found that graduated cylinders are not as precise or accurate for measurements as volumetric pipettes or burettes.

Mental Health Is the Most Critical Section in Clinical Medicines

Question: How To Mental Health Is The Most Critical Section In Clinical Medicines? Answer: Introduction Mental health is the most critical section in clinical medicines that has not yet developed a definite method of handling the patients. However, some criterion is used to determine whether an individual has mental illness or any other associated problems. Through mental health assessment, a medical practitioner is able to understand the ideal situation of individuals based on their scores. For instance, a doctor might ask the patient about their association with their fellows or their responses to relational concerns with their significant parties (Heller, Gitterman, 2011). Through such critical evaluation, the medical practitioner is able to rule out the possibility of the patient being mental ill. In the mental assessment process, the nurses and doctors have definite roles that they should achieve to make is successful for acquiring the best diagnostic results. The constitution, chapter three explores mental health and the human rights associated with the illness (Hanley, 2015). A ny mentally ill individual has been entitled to quality treatment from the government and private health centres within the country. Nursing services offered to the patients with mental illness should be maximising by ensuring that they eat and sleep well. The social life of these patients should also be equipped to assist in their recovery process. The nursing services provided highly determines the time taken by the patients to recover their mental status. Before declaring that individually is mentally ill, there are several steps that are followed in assessing the mental state. A registered nurse (RN) who has specialised in mental illness services should understand all these steps to provide the best services to the patients (Zhang, Lin, 2014). The goals of undertaking mental health assessment are to establish a connection with the patient, understand the associated problems, collect valid and unbiased information about the mental state and develop a treatment plan that reduces the effects of the conditions to the patients. This paper will discuss psychopathology and impact of mental illness to the patients an d the recovery principles that can be used to the nurses (Green, Miller, Aarons, 2011). Psychopathology and Impact of Mental Illness Patients with mental illness are not only individually affected but also the significant others including the family, friends and the community as a whole. Therefore, this is a health condition that should be monitored to reduce the incidence and avoid any risk factors that might be associated. Patients are affected and in most cases they are not able to undertake personal activities, hence being in need of a helper or a monitor. The guardians are most important useful in helping them to manage their condition and avoid any sort of harm that may come across. In a hospital setting, the nurse is responsible for undertaking most of the tasks such as ensuring that there are in the right place and the best time and their living environment are in the best condition. It is a disturbing and situation for a person to be unable to perform basic activities due to mental instability. To the patients, it is a situation that they have to be assisted in managing it by encouraging them and providin g the best care that enhances chances of recovery. The effect of mental health on the community and family members is depended on the social and cultural effects. For instance, some individuals in the community believe that mental illness is associated to curse and bad omen. To such people, it might be hard for them to believe that there is a possible recovery. Therefore, cases of mental illness affect the communities and families on different capacities. Some would dedicate their time and resources to find best medical care to help their fellow recover, while other would assume and maybe take them to mental health centres with no further support. Although the patients are the main victim of the condition, in cases where the providers of the families are affected would create a bigger effect to the dependent. Some of such a situation is where the father in a family get mentally illness either because of depression or another risk, the children might lack someone to rely on (Dudley, Silove, Gale, 2012). Mental health problems are also associated to low self-esteem; whereby the victims feel that the environment is against their acts. These are some of the effects that might be associated with mental illness to adults and self-dependent individuals. On the issue of self-esteem, this can be instigated by failed relationships because some people do not want to be associated with people who are mentally unstable. Therefore, a rift seems to be created between the healthy individuals and people are thought to be perceiving mental illness (Riordan, Wix, Humphreys, 2008). For example, in an organisation the employees might create groups that seclude the victims, hence not involving them in any social activities. These behaviours might end up leading to suicides and dropping from the working positions, hence being employed. Without proper support from the society, mentally ill individuals might suffer stress and depression because of the possible mistreatments that might be experienced from the environment. Therefore, as the individuals have mental problems are exposed to the unfavourable situation where they do not receive the required support, the condition tends to worsen. In cases where the victim is a minor, mental illness can risk the chances of not getting sufficient education. This is because the curriculum setting does not favour individuals who does not have a sober mind. Therefore, any cases of mental problems should be handled with great care and support to help the victims live normally (Coombs, Curtis, Crookes, 2011). Mental illness can also lead to changes in physical health because the victims are not able to respond effectively to any form of command or a threat. Injuries might also be experienced in a situation when they are not monitored effectively. For instance, a mentally ill person might not be able to synthesise the intensity of harm a person is exposed to by crossing a busy road without watching carefully. As discussed in this section, there is a lot psychopathological and mental illness effect that a patient and the significant others might be exposed to when not monitored and cared effectively (Neeraja, 2008). Nurses use of Recovery Principles Registered Nurses have responsibilities in the field of mental health from the point of diagnostics to treatment proceedings. In most cases, nurses spent more time with the patients, hence understanding them more that the other medical practitioners. Therefore, they are supposed to incorporate their practice with the mental recovery principles to accelerate the process. Some of these principles include considering the factors that people are unique, empowering the patients to make their choices, and ensuring that dignity and respect prevail among others (Happell, Cowin, 2013). The nurses should acknowledge that people are unique and the main focus of mental recovery is not about the cure but making a meaning life, experiencing the quality of living by having choices and being among the valued member of the society (Scheid, Brown, 2010). Therefore, as a nurse in the mental health clinic, social inclusion should be emphasised to make the patients feel engaged and involved in the community. Immediately after a person has been diagnosed with mental illness, nurses should start caring for the patient just as any other in the mental health care program. In this cases, they can also empower all the patients to understand that they are receiving the best care for their conditions. This would reduce their worries as they understand that they are receiving the best care possible and they will recover (Kempf, 2013). The patients should always be involved in direct consultations on how their treatment should be carried out. This gives the patients a chance to make contribution and choices about their personal life. In this process, the nurses can also understand how the patients are doing based on the credibility of the choices developed. Support is required for the patient to guide them in making their choices and make them take much responsibility for their life (Mooney, Knox, Schacht, 2009). Care received by the patients and the support received by the available individuals determines how quick and successful the recovery process will be perceived. Therefore, the nurses will balance between the support from individuals and their duty of care to make sure the patients are receiving the best for the sake of their health (Reupert et al., 2015). Every individual in the community is attached to equal rights. Special treatment of the law is imposed on people perceived to have any sort of disability such as mental problems and physical disability. The nurses are therefore supposed to listen, respond and learn from the requests created by the patients and the carers. Nurses are the close personnel who can provide the best advice and care to the patients together with the carers to ensure that the best practices are embraced. In this manner, the Registered Nurses should protect the rights and citizenship of the patients because they can sometimes be unable to make credible decisions based on the intensity of the illness. When a person in the mental illness state, social support is highly needed and the nurses should instil hope of recovery and a better future for the patients (Basavanthappa, 2007). Based on the ideal situation of the patients, this should not be attached to the type of relationships they are engaged. Respect should always prevail and this would improve their self-esteem. The mental recovery process is not about the medication a partnership process that the nurse should encourage to ensure that everybody attached to the patient contributes equally. The partnerships involve sharing of important information that can be useful in creating a favourable environment for the patient to recover (Videbeck, 2006). Nurses are responsible for making the carers and family realise the hopes of recovery and understand the specific way that can be used in the process. Not only should the nurses be involved in the assessment and treatment process, by they would also be involved in the evaluation process by determining the state of mind for the patients. The evaluation process will measure the effectiveness of the used treatment and recovery principles. Conclusion In conclusion, Registered Nurses should be able to empower the mentally ill patients and their carers improve the effectiveness of recovery criteria used. The treatment process should incorporate the social factor because mental problems are directly connected to personal social life. Therefore, social inclusion can also be implemented at the community level by developing social and mental care centres that would embrace more of social connectivity (Minkoff, 2015). These are some of the key values that the nurses should advise the community in improving nursing and personal care for the mentally ill individuals in the community. As the community embraces life, mental health would be improved and the recovery would be a successful process for individuals experiencing such problems. References Basavanthappa, B. (2007). Psychiatric mental health nursing (1st Ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers. Coombs, T., Curtis, J., Crookes, P. (2011). What is a comprehensive mental health nursing assessment? A review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(5), 364-370. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00742.x Dudley, M., Silove, D., Gale, F. (2012). Mental health and human rights (1st Ed.). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. Green, A., Miller, E., Aarons, G. (2011). Transformational Leadership Moderates the Relationship Between Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intention Among Community Mental Health Providers. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(4), 373-379. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9463-0 Hanley, J. (2015). Listening Visits in Perinatal Mental Health (1st Ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Happell, B., Cowin, L., Roper, C., Lakeman, R., Cox, L. (2013). Introducing mental health nursing (1st Ed.). Allen Unwin. Heller, N., Gitterman, A. (2011). Mental health and social problems (1st Ed.). London: Routledge. Kempf, E. (2013). Psychopathology (1st Ed.). [Place of publication not identified]: Theclassics Us. Minkoff, K. (2015). Rebranding Community Mental Health. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(4), 383-384. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9878-0 Mooney, L., Knox, D., Schacht, C. (2009). Understanding social problems (1st Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Neeraja, K. (2008). Essentials of mental health and psychiatric nursing (1st Ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. Reupert et al. (2015). Parental Psychiatric Disorder (1st Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Riordan, S., Wix, S., Humphreys, M. (2008). Forensic Community Mental Health Nurses' Perceptions of Statutory Community Aftercare: Implications for Practice. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 1(4), 172-178. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2005.tb00040.x Scheid, T., Brown, T. (2010). A handbook for the study of mental health (1st Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Videbeck, S. (2006). Psychiatric mental health nursing (1st Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Zhang, J., Lin, L. (2014). The Moderating Effect of Social Support on the Relationship between Impulsivity and Suicide in Rural China. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(5), 585-590. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9811-

Bergner Construction Case Essays

Bergner Construction Case Essays Bergner Construction Case Essay Bergner Construction Case Essay Discuss the Company: * Located in Cleveland, Ohio * Mechanical contracting business, specializing in specialty construction projects in food and beverage manufacturing facilities. * â€Å"Custom-built† contractor, using primary stainless steel to build the vessels and piping necessary for assembly lines in food beverage processing. * They work on a project-by-project basis, for which it provides engineering design and construction expertise to its clients. * Required relatively little, complex specialized production equipment , and most inventory was associated with specific job in progress * Thinly capitalized (equity less than debt) History: * The company was incorporates in 1982 by president John Bergner * He did business with FirstOhio Bank of Cleveland, where his account was handled by Peter Davis and a good relationship was kept between them for five years from 1982 till 1987 * In December 1987, Mr. Davis accepted a new position at Westside National Bank. Located in Cleveland * Therefore, a new loan officer was appointed for the company in January 1988 Present Position: Bergner Construction Company had recorded a small net operating profit of $13,088 (net income of 16502) in 1987 * During the first four months of 1988, the company’s completed jobs slumped, leading to a loss of $53,556 (net loss of 47682) due to problems encountered on one project, for which a former estimator had underestimate a construction cost. (If no single project is excessively dominant, then a loss on one does not imply that the firm’s profit potential would be significantly affected). * The company enjoyed a sales growt h rate of 23 percent over the past 2 years, and projected sales by the end of 1988 were $1. million Management of the company: * The company’s president: John Bergner was 40 years of age. * He had a degree in mechanical engineering from Ohio State University. * Bergner began his career as a foreman for a large construction company that manufactured specialty food and beverage facilities. He formed his own company, which was incorporated in 1982 Operations of the company: * Bergner construction company had limited its operations to the Midwestern market, generally within a 500-mile radius of Cleveland * Mr. Bergner had always been anxious to expand his business, and specially to search for contracts in other part of the country to achieve greater geographical diversification. The case: * Bergner had successfully bid for a renovation project at Pepsi-Cola bottling plant in Boulder, Colorado in April 1988 * Increase line of credit from $100,000 to $250,000 to finance a large construction project that his company had just been awarded to cover his losses. * But the new loan officer of FirstOhion bank refused the request so he wanted to transfer his account to Westside National, where he hoped his business would continue to be handled by Mr. Davis. * Mr. Davis recommended John Bergner’s company at the bank’s loan committee, stressing his honesty and positive business attitude. * He was prepared to approve a loan because of his honesty even if the client’s financial statements might be considered somewhat weak. * So Mr. Davis had a meeting with the Loan Review Committee and requested the following: 1. The sum of $100,000, which would be CD secured, the proceeds of which would be used to pay off Bergner’s outstanding debt at FirstOhio bank. ( he must not take loan to repay another loaN OR a loss) 2. A $250,000 revolving line of credits to be secured by accounts receivable and inventory (replacing an existing line of $100,000 at FirstOhio). The company’s inventory consisted mainly of work in progress and raw materials. (Inventory mostly work in process so it can’t be used as collateral, but with regards to A/R it can be used as collateral due to its large amount BUT if 250000 was used as collateral he would not be able to pay-off his A/P) 3. A total of $128,000 in various equipment loans. These loans were secured by filings on various pieces of equipment, such as trucks, cars, forklifts, air compressors, and other tools. These loans were already approved and funded at FirstOhio. The loans and related security arrangements would also be moved, but this represented no increase in balances outstanding on this equipment. In most cases, the bank financed 100 percent of the original cost of equipment purchased. * By expanding his business, it would represent the largest single construction project that his company had ever undertaken ($400,000), and he projected a 15 percent pretax profit of 60000 as part of his winning bid. Its successful completion would, he hoped, improve prospects for future profitability.

Sherlock Essays - Fictional Detectives, Sherlock Holmes Films

Sherlock Essays - Fictional Detectives, Sherlock Holmes Films Sherlock Hello Mrs. Peng! Im Song Lan majoring in law. My presentation is about a TV drama! Nowadays, many people enjoy American TV series much, but I prefer British TV series for their more sophisticated story lines and more delicate screen. BBCs Sherlock is one of them that I love the most. As you know, Sherlock Holmes is one of most famous and popular fictitious characters in whole world who was created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes is a brilliant "consulting detective", living in Victorian London. He is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases. His stories have been adapted to the screen for many times, but this time is quite different from the others. In fact, BBCs Sherlock is a crime drama that presents a contemporary update of Sherlock Holmes detective stories. It stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and Martin Freeman as Holmes assistant and intimate friend Doctor John Watson. Six episodes, broadcast since 2010, have been produced, with three more episodes scheduled to begin production in March 2013. The series has been sold to over 180 territories. Holmes fans all over the world get quite excited about it because Sherlock Holmes has never been so young before. In this drama, he is just a modern citizen living in the same era with us which makes audiences feel that they havent ever been so close to this legendary figure. No more Victorian carriage, cloak and flog, Sherlock is full of modern factors such as cab, escalator and billboard and so on. You can see an amazing panoramic view of modern London in the title of this drama. And there are some famous London landmark, the Thames, London Eye, the Big Ben. In the play, Sherlock Holmes is a tall man with a replaces the pipe with multiple nicotine patches, and he surfs the Internet on his laptop and iphone to collect information needed to solve cases alongside his partner Dr John Watson. The update also maintains some traditional elements of the stories, such as the Baker Street address and Sherlock Holmes' archenemy Moriarty. Although the events of the books are transferred to the present day, canonical elements are incorporated into the story. For example, in the original book John Watson was invalided home after serving in the Second Anglo-Afghan War. While Martin Freeman's Watson has returned from military service in Afghanistan in modern time also makes sense.

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing SLP Research Paper

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing SLP - Research Paper Example RMTP gives loss-less deliveries of bulk data. A cheap way of connecting applications for messaging but not always reliable, a business could use it as long as the applications are not mission critical and time delays are acceptable. Stated by Meital, et al (2003). 2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The protocol is used on the transport layer of the OSI model. It is a reliable transport layer. Extract: When we say that TCP is "connection-oriented" we mean that there is a procedure that is followed for two communicating end points to exchange data. The TCP connection allows TCP to tailor each byte stream transfer, and maintain the state of that transfer, for each pair of communicating end points. Any given host might have many simultaneous TCP connections, each one having different characteristics, such as the segment size, the timeout (which will be explained), the window size (also to be explained), etc. A specific TCP connection is defined by a socket pair, where a socket is the IP address and port number on one of the communicating points, and the port number identifies the application process on that end point. The port number serves as part of the interface between TCP and the application layer, by identifying which process within a particular host a segment is associated with. As stated by Koren (2011). TCP helps businesses with their network connections, as it is very reliable normally, although it cannot take delays as can RMTP, it is an industry standard used by many businesses in their networks, its problems are known. A business should know a lot about its costs on staffing and equipment using this protocol. 3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses as the underlying system, IP. It’s used for application to application messaging without too many protocol mechanisms involved; it is unreliable, as it does not use acknowledgements in the same way as TCP does. It does not order the messages or provide data flow control. UDP messages are

WORKPLACE TRAINING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WORKPLACE TRAINING - Research Paper Example The term is used in a widespread manner in various organizations these days and is one of the vital phenomena for the success of the workplace. Training pertains to the obtaining of skills, knowledge, and competencies as an outcome of the practical or vocational skills and the knowledge that refers to the particular functional competencies. Training at workplace relates to some special goals such as enhancing an individual’s performance, capability and capacity. It builds the basis of apprenticeships and links with the provision of the fundamentals of employee improvement at the organizations. There are various types of training methods and the primary determinants of these types are associated more to the organization’s distinctiveness than to the characteristics of the individual worker. For instance, there are more formal training types provided in the larger organizations than the training modes available to employees in the smaller companies. The small-scale organizations normally encourage employees to engage themselves in self-training. Moreover, it has been observed that the organizations that stress upon the development of employees’ skills offer more diverse opportunities of training than the companies which do not. Moreover, the organizations which possess a greater degree of unpredictability in the software environment are more likely to provide on-line training. The workplace training is an important element in the employee grooming, retention as well as satisfaction. It increases the employee’s commitment to the organization and develops their physical, cognitive and spiritual dimensions. Besides this, training is a significant aspect because it is aimed upon enhancing the employee performance, and contributes towards the organizational flexibility by adapting to the altering external and internal corporate environments. The training process at organization not

British Airways Analysing Financial And Non Financial Indicators Tourism Essay

British Airways Analysing Financial And Non Financial Indicators Tourism Essay British Airways is considered as one of the largest international airlines of United Kingdom. British airways Plc and many other subsidiaries companies make the whole British Airways group. Currently, British Airways(BA) covers more than 550 destinations. According to the data of the year 2008/09, more than 34 million passengers have travelled through British Airways. British airways main business operating hub location is Londons Heathrow airport which serves the company with large geographical area. British Airways is also listed in stock exchange of London.. (Company Information, n.d.).The following report will analyse and then evaluates both the indicators of the British Airways ie, financial as well as non-financial by making it compare with the performance of other company, which is Dubai based named as Emirates Airlines. Talking about Emirates Airlines, being launched in 1985 and since then shown the signs as of one of the fastest growing airlines of the worlds airline industr y. Currently, the company covers more than 100 different destinations throughout the world. (The Emirates Group, 2009). Further in the report the evaluation of the performance of both these companies is being done by using ratio analysis and there will also be discussion about the financial performance trend analysis of both the companies in the last few years. This report will also look at the managerial and non financial challenges faced by both of these companies using SWOT analysis, and then talking about the challenges and solutions for those challenges. The last section of this report will discuss and analyses the comment by John Rishton due to adoption of IFRS and also look at the differences between IFRS and US GAAP. Section B The following paragraphs will cover the changes and the financial pressures recently faced by the airline sector. According to keynote report, Factors like increase in the prices of oil during first half of 2008 which seriously affected the operating costs of airlines, then the impact of global recession made the condition even worse as affecting the number of passengers and thus decreased the demand for air travel globally. In response the different airlines companies have abandoned those routes which were unprofitable and also cut down the un-necessary costs. In such a difficult phase of the airline sector, the companies must understand that how its customers are rephrasing value and their reaction in the period of recession, instead of cutting down on the budget which they have planned for the market research. Now we will discuss specifically about the British airways and Emirates airlines, also will consider the different financial and managerial challenges that are faced by the above two companies. SWOT analysis is used as tool to clarify the difference between the both the airlines. SWOT analysis Strengths British airways made a strong brand identity as United Kingdoms leading airlines because of trust and loyalty being showed by its customers. Strong brand identity also brought advantages of economies of scale. There is being a new subsidiary launched by British airways named as, Open Skies, which offers only business class for the traffic between U.S and major European countries. British airways has got huge capacity for its air planes because of its main operating base hub ie, at Heathrow airport and With the proposed merger with Iberia, British airways is aiming to become second largest airline company after Air France of Europe. British airways offers different loyalty programmes for its customers as to make sure the again travel from their airlines only. On the other side Emirates airline has made its brand strong in the marketplace using different advertisements and many sponsorships. One of the main strengths of emirates airline is having its focus on diversified market and the entrance into the cargo shipping proved very beneficial for the company. Emirates airline has made its corporate culture by listening and identifying the needs of its customer. Emirates also has low cost, which is around 30% less than its European competitors. With the opening of emirates terminal 3 at Dubai international airport recently and the continuous ability to renew with improvement in the service gives the emirates airline the strength edge over its competitors. Tim Clark who is the president of emirates airline, stated that the past results of the airlines have exceeded above expectations despite of the increase in jet fuel prices for emirates airlines from US$1.68 upto US$2.78 per gallon by the end of the year. Weakness With the opening of new terminal 5 at Heathrow airport by the British airways, the company faced problems with training of staff, which led in flights being cancelled, complains of missing luggage. Moreover the rising fuel prices led to increase in ticket prices. The slowdown of both the UK and US economies has affected British Airways as the company has become very vulnerable to financial instability. The bankruptcies in the US banking sector decreased the number of premium booking passengers in British airways heavily. The route of Heathrow and New York is having huge traffic of passengers and forms an important part of British airways earning. Therefore, the drop in the bookings of premium class affected the profitability of the company. British airways also suffered from increased in non fuel costs like from staff and the landing charges. For emirates airlines, there is some weakness also associated with it, like it is not being successful in all of its diversification and approaches, which has emerged as a weakness of the company. Analysts have blamed the company for too much emphasizing on high end acquisitions and diversifications in spite of getting the type of results from such decisions. As U.S is a major market for the airline industry and emirates airline does not cater to many places in the U.S., which is also a weakness for the company. Opportunities If British airways will fully acquire the Iberia airlines with currently 13% share, then it will be in the list of the worlds biggest airlines having approximated combined stock market capitalisation worth of EUR 5.5 billion. There is an opportunity for the British airways to expand more in emerging markets like Middle East Region, India, and China. Another opportunity for British Airways is to now improve the operating conditions of its terminal 5 at Heathrow airport. The company should focus on minimum cost of travelling to fulfil customer needs. With the increase of fuel efficient aircrafts of British airways it can minimize the environmental damage, as protection of environment is emerged as an important issue throughout the world. The company should also see an interest of customers towards new places and develop new routes wherever possible. On the other hand for emirates airline the opportunity lies in which, it can use its well developed infrastructure business to go into the new emerging markets where internet adoption is not very well developed. Same as for the British airways, there is also an opportunity for emirates to introduce new routes by observing the interest of customers. As also Dubai and the middle-east region is more advancing for tourism and commercial purpose enables emirates airline to grow. Emirate airline does no pay income tax so this also gives a tax benefit to it. This saves around $250 million of money per year. Also due to close proximity of Dubai from Indian and Pakistan gives a chance to the airline to access hugely available cheap labour. The benefit of cheap labour in the emirates airline can be seen from the figure as from the total operating budget of the company, the cost of labour accounts upto 18% which is very less as compared to Lufthansa airline having 27% and united airlines with 2 9% of cost of labour. Threats The current threat to British airways is from current economic slowed down, increased fuel prices and weaker pound. The global recession has severely affected air transportation. The travel and tourism industry is moving towards including more green practices. There is pressure from European Union on all the airlines companies to limit carbon emissions Across EU. After the events of 11 September 2001, the security measures have been more tighten by the airline companies. There is also strong competition from low cost airlines, cruise and rail transport that constitutes a bigger share in travel market. Low cost carriers are increasingly looking for new routes for customers with affordable ticket price. Another matter of concern for British Airways is the trade union power. The trade union already did many strikes in august 2004 and 2005. Cost of fuel is also can be at risk as the political situation in Iraq is supporting the rise of oil prices, which will result in add up of another à ‚ £100 million to the cost of British Airways. Whereas, there is severe threat on emirates airlines also from its competitors naming Qatar airways and Etihad airways. Due to political instability in middle-east could lead to have a negative impact on emirate airline. Although the cargo commercial and passenger segments of emirates airlines have managed to achieve their targets, but increasing oil prices affected last quarter net income. As more desire of commodity trading affected oil prices due to brokers were not revealing the actual figure of shortage of raw material. 4 Challenges: There are some of the challenges still left out to be tackle by the BA at the time of developing its climate change programme. As the company operate in environment which is uncertain and political environment is just a part of whole environment but it gives challenges like of changing climate. BA has taken various initiatives to face solved these challenges right from developing in-depth understanding on how to face these challenges, keeping debate with government and asking for their cooperation. (British Airways SWOT Analysis, 2006). BA had to face many threats from competition besides the security threats like after the incidence of 9/11 terrorist attack, as its been considered as amongst the world most profit making airlines so for them to lead the industry the competition becomes more stiff for that they not only have to face threats like escalating fuel cost but also have to operate with low cost. BA has been helped by keymetric with 2006 transformational online programs to save nearly about 38 millions. Operating profit has gone down to 80 percent which shows sheer and utmost decrease due to the weak customer confidence and thus reducing the traffic volumes. Challenges are mainly face due to the so many cost which has become hot air balloon and going high, if busted will not beneficial for the company. The cost balloon include so many costs like right from fuel cost, employee cost, cost of engineering, landing fees and besides this, also includes more operations costs due to delay in shifting to terminal 5 like, cargo handling costs, trucking charges, cost of ground equipments, IT and strong euro rate etc. Whereas, Emirates airlines firstly penetrated the market by launching it s routes to the places in west Africa like in Nigeria and Ghana altogether. To sustain in to the market and feel the presence in these two countries there is also a challenge to be able to handle many multilingual issues and the problems with double byte sites. As emirates is present internationally, to manag e its data which is globally spread through internet, the company took the decision of spreading out SDL Tridions content for management solution. With such a decision enabled the Emirates, to cater to wider and variety of audience. As now the customers from all over the world can access to common information available to them. (Simon, 2007) Solution: Aviation industry requires huge sums of investment to operate and it adds risk to the return as well. The main money source of income for firms is shareholder. BA secures its position in the world aviation through focusing its aim towards its prospective shareholders and product betterment with handing cost efficiently. BA aims to achieve unique culture in airline by focussing towards customer and their requirements. BA believes that, differentiating their strategy from their competitors will bring the huge market. After being loosed the battle in to the business class which has been collapsed, after their position has been taken over by Silver Jet Airlines as a business class leader. But after this move in the aviation industry, British Airways took some good decisions like purchasing of Lavion Paris Airline, which was a quiet successful for BA. British Airways is always prepared to the change according to the environment and that alo shows in their course of planned action. BA has released the Terminal 5 which was going through good functioning with 6 million passengers (Marzouqi, N.D.). Emirates on the other hand, had find out a niche for itself as a route for success and not in the way of following others. Unlike BA, emirates was not very much affected by 9/11 incident and also with decline of profit levels, seat factors the company managers didnt shake and through their belief in their company and dedication took them out in such a crisis situation and thus, they were remained profitable. Whereas, other airlines were reducing and laying off their workforce so as to cut down the cost but, emirates didnt do this and their unique working paid off. (Sull, 2005)